Midterm+Lecture+notes

Jacob sent me his notes for all of September, which I posted below, so if you are missing lecture notes for september, or if you would like to double check your notes this should help you. -Jen -I predict that the multiple choice will come from the first few lectures in class from September 3-17th… If we could get a few people to post their lecture notes for Sep 3- 17 to look over that would be great.  September 3 **B ** part 1; **E ** Ch. 1 September 8 **E ** Chs. 2-3; **B ** concluded September10 **E ** Ch. 4; Graeco-Arabic Translation Movement **QUIZ ** September15 **E ** Ch. 5 September 17 **E ** Chs. 6-7 **QUIZ **
 * //Unit One: Islamic World to 1100 AD //** 
 * sep 9 notes**

The succession Crisis slide: muhagirun: earliest muslims who were with Muhammmed Helpers: Medinians who gave muslims hospitality. meccan aristocracy: powerful families who persecuted Muhammed in the begining, who converted late. Each group was affraid that the other group would make a powerful faction and dominate rule. Abu Bakr was a comprimise, not everyone wanted him to rule. He was good at arbitration. Knew Muhammed. 2 powerful titles acceded him. caliph title: Halifa diAlah: 4 rightly guided Caliphs were agreed on by both sides of Islam view. Aisha became M.'s favorite wife. Bakr: ridda wars: When M. died they thought thier obligations died with them. Bakr thought the empire needed them, so he forced them to remain Muslim. Parallels to M.'s death and JS's death. Umar expands into Syria, Iraq, Iran, and Egypt. why did he conquer? for wealth from taking cities and taking their wealth. Booty distributed among armies. Those who had been muslim longer would get more. Berber's discontent because they fought for the empire, but didn't get any recompense. Umayyad 661 with the murder of Ali to.... Alexander paved some of the way for this empire to conquer and stay for a while. Greek in the east, Latin in N. Africa. incentives to take over what was already in place. Syria: bassis of Umayyad Dynasty: Umayyad: Mu'awiya: took the caliphate away from Ali, why? : Nephew of Uthman. Mu'awi belonged to the Meccan aristocracy. He had a power base because of family. He had wealth, he was a diplomat, Ali was not. Ali was impecable character, but not good with politics. Mu'awi. How did ali come to power? suspicion with Uthman, he was murdered by an Egyptian garrison who wanted equal treatment and pay. Uthman also gave all the gov positions to his family members. Troops then support Ali. His claim was that he was son in law and cousin to Muhammed. He was one of the earliest converts to Islam and very faithful. He doesn't punish those who murded Uthman. This haunts him and eventually he is murdered by a harijite. Why conquer Jerusalem (637)? M..'s night journey. It is a trade crossroads. most importantly: Jer is home to the Abrahamic faiths, this is a symbolic conquering. conquest of Egypt: Egyptian Copts part of Byzantine empire. Melchite Christianity: Battle of the Camel: Aisha, M.'s wife was sitting on a Camel watching the battle. Ali: sympathetic to Shi'ites. He thought all Muslims should be treated equal. Especially equallity in the spoils. Discontented and opressed would come to him. sons: Al-Hussn, turns down caliphate, wanted easy way out; Al-Hussein continued to struggle to oppose caliphate. Successor of Mu'awia was ambushed and he is slaughtered. This is comemorated by Shi'ites as expiatory. This leaves Umayyads in firm control in Damascus, for the moment. Mu'awia named his son the Caliph, this was a no no in the peoples view. Instead of callin together a council he decided himself.

Abassids would not have had as much success, they were benefited from Greek ideas. Sciences died out, and Arabs revived them. Arabs translated texts into Arabic. Renaissance would not have happened in the same way. Abassids: these people had some relations to muhammed. this blood relation was used as their political weapon. They were most political savvy of all. They had a covert missionary movement, using the discontent of muslims everywhere and used their belief of a new age, and that it was dawning, and that it had to be begun by someone who is of the family of Muhammed. They had many followers. At the right time they came out into the open, and through discontent they defeated Umayyads all the way to the caliph. Sfa' the blood shedder- killed all the peops at Damascus All but 1 Umayyad was killed. al-Andalus -One guy went to Spain, but on the way, through Africa he rallies believers that he was the right caliph. His name was al-Andalus. He went to the Burbers, his mother was burber, so he went to his tribes. He conquests Spain. Spain is Muslim at this time because of a war and the ruler asked the Arab-Muslims to help him. This happens more in the future. Those see how easy it would be to take over and in the future they do conquer it. They conquerd some of France too. They didn't stay in France because the supply lines were strained, they were overextended. Charles Martel: he is most powerful member of court in France. He defeats the Muslims and turns the tide of the Muslims. Pirenne Thesis: he thought: "what would have happened to EU if Muslims would have continued in Eu conquest?" This provided Eu excuses to diferentiate. Debt to Byzantium for keeping them at bay. Culture influences for a while in Spain and Southern France.
 * 9-10 Sep 10 notes**

Bulliet: ch 3 Looking for love in all the wrong places: we need to love them for who they are, not convert them. Edge communities: like diasporas. Away from homogeneity. Edge/Center distinction is important. mujadid: renewer of the faith for next generation. Not a prophet, but like them. Zoroastrianism: somone who will come along every so often who puts religion back in line.

Late Abbasids and Fragmentation: 750 Abassids come to power in this revolution. New capital established in Baghdad. By Tigris. It grew to be one of most prosperous cities in world. Circular palace at the center of the city. = incorporation of earlier persian ideology. Astrology used to establish city and its dates. Christians, Jews, multi-ethnic society. 70 years later another capital was made in Samrra for the Mamluks, to seperate them. Turkish slaves taken form central Asia. The Caliphs realized they would never assimilate into Baghdad society. Samarra flourished for a while, but then capital was moved back to Baghdad, 80 miles away. geographical difficulties. No water. Al-Ma'moun: won the caliphate from his brother Al-ameen. Father of these two favored Al-ameen. Al-ma'moun reforms things. He passes caliphate to Al-mout'asin. He wanted to make a slave army, raise slaves who don't have any social ties but to be loyal to you. Abassid Caliphs couldn't pay them enough. Mamluks rebelled. Mamluks controlled Caliphs for a while. Turkish warriors brought with them new weapons, bow, mounted archery, highly disciplined. Expensive to maintain. Al-Maku'ul: he was murdered in 861 for trying to curb Mamluks' rising power. He tried to find a new capital not far from Samarra. Abbasids descend into almost non existence. Some people come in to take over. Baghdad was the center of power, but the empire began to deteriorate. people want to seperate: fatimids and Caliphate of Cordoba. Buyids take power in beginning of 10th cent and rule for 1 cent. Iranians from Caspian Sea Area. Good governors. They create a type of confederation. Brother region rule. They brought Iranian customs. caliphate traditions were adapted. Farse: wealthiest part of Iran. They capture capital of farse. baghdad is captured in 945 by Caliph Ala-Mustakfi. 1 year later there are 3 Buyad states. During their rule when we get the crystalization of the Sunni and Shi'te definintions of division. 12er Shi'ism. hidden Imam: 12th Imam who is being kept by God to come back in the future when he is ready. there has to be one Imam alive for the world to exist.

Egger philosopy - pay attention to this part
 * sep 15 notes**

Al -gazali died in 1111. Golden age of Islam is a misnomer. He is at the top of philisophical discussion.

project proposal: see if topic is interesting and viable description of what I would like to research 2 paragraphs abstract

Fatimids: caliph that was established in Egypt who were said to be descended from M.'s wife Fatima. Rival caliphate who tried to assume power. part of Sunni's who were Ismaili's. Ja'far (6th Imam, very respected in community) alSadiq: recognized by both sides as a good leader. The 12ers accept Musa alKazim. Another son: Ismail died before his father. These followers are Ismailis. Mahdi: Savior figure. the rightly guided on, supposed to come and reveal the true meaning of things in the religion. Many mahdis. Prophetic blood, so he has the inherent ability to interpret. Abd-Allah al-Mahdi al Fatimi 909-934 assumed caliphate and descendents are Fatimids. Ismailis - They used covert missionaries. They would infultrate groups and try to descern who would be more succeptable to their doctrines. Once the Fatimids were established in N Africa among the berbers. They believed that the mother Fatima was divine and that their leader was somewhat divine. One leader could not do miracles, and was mortal (Mahdi). 920 - Abd-Allah al Mahdi built a new capital in N Africa. How should this Shi'ite govern a pop who was mostly Sunni? Worked out for a while. New ruler. New capital in Cairo. F. ruled over Egypt, their empire included N Africa and some of Palestine. Al-Hakim was most famous ruler. He was a child when he took the throne, and was random, but very powerful. He arbitrarily killed people and surprised many. He destroys church of the holy seplicure in Jerusalem. He was not a lunatic. He was acting like a God. compare Caligula and Nero. Hakim would ride around on a donkey with peasant clothes.

Carmations are a branch of the Ismailis. Shi'tes and Ismailis took on neoplatonic -mystical, thought. not initially a militant movement, but did later on, the assasin movent during the crusades. They become hated, they attacked many groups and people who travel. 930 - they capture the black stone. They are subdued and little groups become assasins.

Al-Azhar mosque and university slide: Universities didn't exist at that time, it was more like a college. it was not self governing. "Madrasa" - the structure was probably used by Eu to form universities.

Egger: ch 5: Islamic law: When M was aalive, whatever he said went. Now they needed to interpret Quran to know how to live life. Solution: They would use traditions to start developing a new system. Some people were still alive, who knew the prophet. Their words were taken down. lots of these, they and the Quran became the pillars of Islamic law. Hadith (TRADITIONS OF M)- those who had experiences with prophets. They had to discredit some of them. How far removed and are there any contradictions in the chain of people. ortho-praxis and ortho-doxy. In islam: theology was secondary. Action was more important. So law was based on correct action. Based on Quran and the Sunna of the Propphet. In early period, many of the customs of way of life made it into law: justified by making up a Hadith that supported the action. Islamic law was pretty much settled by the Abassids. Islamic law benifited from the western philosophies. Closing of the gates of Ishtihad. the judges of law had to be a knowledgeable man, but that died out and the gates were closed. pg 127 Science and philosophy: Islamic thought benifited from Greco-Aribic thought. pg 128-129 - Error: translation movement was organized, to systematically translate Greek thoughts, NOT TRUE - TRUTH: Things were kept around as records. AL-Mahmun's people under him instigated the looking through these materials that had been looked over so far. Burocrats were translating them. Aristotle provided arguing logic. Once the texts were translated, libraries were confiscated because, so others could see what was in them and then make copies. The texts then became public domain.


 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times','serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Sep 17 notes **
 * Al-Musaim
 * Caliphates of 900s. 3 at the same time

Sufi- means wool. In opposition to the sultans' riches. Chief impetus for the growth of Sufi'sm: people wanted to be more connected. This came at a time of open law. Seeking more mystical connections to God. They are considered mystics. Dhikr: to remember God: the sufi would sit and repeat the name of God. In religious meditation, repetition is the key. Concepts of Sufi'ism, of the individual: Fana: anialation: feeling like one has broken down the berriers between individual and God. Direct knoledge of God lives on in the individual. Baqa: survival, residue: what's left over after fana. Goal of this world transcendence, living in tune. Live in God. Infused in God. Continuing to live as a divine agent. Mystics have a goal of escaping this life. Sufism later became patronized by Caliphs: Safavid Iran, Ottoman Sultans.

Theology 9th cent: Mutazilite movement: rational thought rules the dicisions. Caliph who patronized this group: Al-Ma'moun. He was a rationalist. Non-rational, by western standarts, won out in this area. they value individual free will over the omnisciencee of God. Free agency of the believer is above God's majesty. Was Koran created or did it exist with God forever? rational thought would say: it was created by God. Justice of God, and human freedom: rational thought says that mainstream sunni's beleive God controls all things. They are opposed to predestination. God cannot act contrary to the benefit of His children. Al_ma'moun: mihna: examination, test: Al desided that he would support Mutasa's stuff so much that Al made people take tests to see if they could live in society or if they sould be killed off, or would loose their job, and be beaten into submission. This didn't attract many muslims into Mutazalism. Asharite: M'Ashari: traditionalists: complete human freedom was a contradiction to God's all mighty power, omicience. God could command the impossible. Human freedom impinges on God's power to do all things. \ Their position: occationalism: idea that in order to preserve God's absolute power, God must recreate the universe in every moment in time. Making Him ultimately responsible in all things. Formed in opposition to the Mutazilites. Found in mainstream Sunni'ism today. Kasb: responsibility becomes ours: mutazalites would say this isn't fair, we are responsible after God's predestination. Greek thought: Plato - - - - Aristotle real isn't in science, to understand every day the world, you need to see it it is in then to analyse it: empiricism the reflection it is in a world of abstractions accessible to the spirit or by reason or rationalism

When greek thought entered the arab world, these two thinking ways were watered down. Plotanus was a writer of plato who added a bunch of stuff. this is what reached the arab world. Neoplatonic ideas of humans being further removed from God catches on with the populus. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"> **Sep 22**

“Runcimon”: History of the Crusades

ch 6&7 of Egger

emirate: territorial governor. Still gives power to higher caliph.

Droughts and famines in central Asia pushed the Turks down into the Middle East.

Islamic Spain: Great Mosque of Cordoba: turned into a Christian Church. Madinat al-Zahra. The Almoravids: men were veiled, not women, they wanted to stamp out Christian things. Berbers are first brought into Spain as Mercenaries, then they later bring their fellow Berbers to come and they take over during a succession crisis. They brought in the Almoravid people. Umayyads were overthrown. Almoravid, the word: Enclave of religious scholars, ; 1009 Berber army arives and a few years later they sack Cordoba. Almoravid's are one group of the larger Berber group. Most amirs were blond hairs and blue eyes because the women of the harems were Eastern Eu, Slavics. Ta'ifa: state of Spain after the Berbers invade. There were many kingdom states. They were trying to outdo eachother: many cultures and arts, but enemies were becoming stronger. Reconquista is beginning. Spaniards were not there to begin with, but it was still called the reconquista. Muslims left there were taxed, but permited to stay. 1085: Alfonso 6th captures Toledo witch was the largest of the States. He aquired vast libraries and he and his court learned from them about the philosophers who's writings had been lost in the west. This was the first wave of thought that would come to transform the west. Throughout the 11th century the almoravid's take over more. Ibn Tumart who studied with Algazali, he thought these almoravid's should be eliminated, their world was backwards. Almohads: another fundamentalist: Al-Moahid: he wants to unite people. Ibn Tumart calls himself a sort of messianic figure who is descended of the Prophet. Las Nalas de Tolosa: last battle that defined the reconquista. Granada was the last of the Islamic kingdom left in the South of Spain.

Invasions of Europe. Normans: settled France and England and other the Mediterranean. They had the most advanced stuff and training of that time. They had stirrups for the horse. They would raid on horseback. The Byzantine emperor, Alexius Comnenus 1081 was there at one of the Byz turning points. Everyone is closing in on him so he is looking to hire mercinaries. He asks pope urban to cooperate on military ventures to keep muslims at bay. Pope had norman mercinaries at hand. The pope turned the opportunity into a crusade. If you die while on crusade you go to heaven. Crusaders come in 2 groups: 1- Unruly mob – thousands of pepple led by Peter the Hermit: torture the Jews. This group left first. They were annialated by the Turks. 2- led by pope. Were more systematic. Arrived in Constantinople. Alexius saw them as a threat.


 * Sep 24**

The Crusades. Constantinople: capital of e. roman empire aka Byzantine Empire: The city controls the Bosporus, it controls trade routs. Surrounded on 3 sides by water. The side with land there were 3 massive walls built by various Roman emperors. Gathering point for 1st, 2nd, and 4th crusade is when the city was sacked. Today is Istambul. Constantine the Great, he made this his capital in 330. 1st Crusaders: peter the Hermit, little prep, they were annialated. 2nd wave: knights, the great militarians of Eu. Alexius doesn't know what to do with them, they are so powerful. He makes them swear an oath and he would become their Lord and any lands that were conquered would be given back. Bohemond swore easily. He didn't keep oaths. Raymond de Tulus: experienced crusader, he hda fought against the moors. He had sincere religious motives. He doesn't swear the oath, but he changes his oath a little, then swears it. Raymound de Sanjil eventually dies in Jerusalem. He founded the area of Tripoli in the city Jerusalem. Nicea is the first place that needs to be retaken. Alexius deals secretly with Turkish defenders. Promising to spare their lifes if they pledge alligiance instead of the Crusaders. Alexius didn't love Islam, but he wants peacable future neighbors. He promises safe passage. If something was Byzantine it was sneaky or complicated, not easy. Latins rule Eastern Roman Empire: This action, more than any other brought the fall of the Byzantine Empire. 2 cent latter the Ottamon Turks take it over. Alexius asked for mercinaries, but when they came he realized they were no-ones, they worked for themselves. So he had to defend against them and the Seljuk Turks. The crusaders reach Antiach, tey capture it, put the people to the sword, then they had to face an Arab Army. A leader left and went back home. The crusaders didn't get any help from Alexius, and they took that as a betrayal. Alexius thought it was a lost cause. He thought it was bad because he had been trying to keep good relations with his Arab friends. Seljuk warriors: horse archers. Eu soldiers: chain male, lances, swords. The Templars: named after Solomon's temple. They were religious too, they were like priests. When they were captured tey were killed, while normal soldiers were taken as slaves. Why: they were leaders, they were overzelous. Eventually became rich, they established banks. Hospitalers: ran hospitals, hospices, that became like inns. Not much difference in tacts and arms between the two sides. Baldwin of Odessa seperates from the other crusades because he wants a kingdom of his own. He becomes some king's adopted son and then overthows the king. This was in Armenia. The main body was headed to the city of Antiach, it was the greatest in terms of size and fortifications. It was a main center of Christianity. They crusaders take over the city and then have to turn around and face an Arab Army. Feruz: a traitor from within. He let some gates open and the crusaders need a miracle. The miracle that was needed was to recover a holy relic, the spear that peirced the side of Christ on the Cross. They did recover it, and the people rallied and escaped and defeated the Muslims. Guy had seen it in a dream. He was later put on trial. He went through a firey furnace, and was fried. Bohemond takes Antioch and its principalities, and stays there instead of continuing on to Jerusalem. Canabals: an attempt to sych out their enemies, probably not really starving. How do the Muslims characterize them?: they are more zelous than smart. They are more cruel. They are destroying, raping pillaging. Barbarians. Army arrives in Jerusalem: they walk around the city and pray. Why didn't they siege? A monk had had a vision and he was told that if the army went on a fast, and circumambulated the city like Joshua, the city would fall within 9 days, it fell in 7. What were the fates of the Muslims? The army was let go, but the inhabitants, everyone was exterminated. This is what Joshua did too. Today, Muslims still remember this. Salah Hadiin, when he took it over, a century later, he let everyone go, he was very merciful, to say that he would be better than his enemies. Eu's were dealing with people that they hadn't dealt with before, maybe that is why they acted the way they did.


 * September 29**

Neoplatanistic concept of the universe: Neoplatanism: one of the most influential way of thinking: a form of Plato's thought as evolved in the 3rd cent ad. Plotinus: synthesizer of Neoplatinistic thought. He wrote a book called the inyads: written in 9 parts, 9 chapters, and so forth. How all things on the earth come from the Creator. Platonism suggetst that crations don't try and immitate the divine's character, but that the Creator had so much love that it spilled out and coelesced into another being, that was the creator, and several levels of creators make the universe. The goal in this universe is for beings to reunite with the creator. We have been estranged and must return. Need to eradicate individual personality and incorporate the big, the whole characteristics. Dante: he based his peom around this thought. The Divine Comedy is the Plan of Salvation acording to Dante: Catholic, Neoplatonic, and poetic. Dante's Inferno: Guide: Virgil: Earth is center of Universe (which is common among ancient thought), surrounded by spheres of various planets. Outer shell and then God and his glorious realm. Pergatory is on the opposite side of Jerusalem on the Earth. The furthest place from God is the center of the Earth. This is where hell is. Thus, we, on the surface aren't far removed from hell. Our phisical character helps us be estranged from God. Thus the higher one goes the more that is left behind. Dante goes into hell. He finds Satan snacking on Judas. He goes up to pergatory. He ascends further up into the other spheres of the planets. Reason, intelect are the means of making the spiritual ascent to God. Neoplatonic Ideas influential in the Islamic thoughts: Ibn – Sina: one of the most prolific writers in history. He attempted to reconcile Islamic theology and western philosophy. This is brilliant, but kind of destroys the basics of Islam. Ibn-rusht didn't like Al-Gazali's conclusions. G. gave up the quest for knoledge to be a wandering mystic: a Sufi. Ibn-Rusht: he considered Al-Gazali was mistaken, that philosophy does have something to offer theology. Neoplatonism tends to clash with Islam. Rusht: How to reconcile reason and faith. Very important in the history of philosophy. Rusht: important in Eu because it was through his coments that people began to consider aristotalian thought. If these thiings wouldn't have happened, the renaissance wouldn't have happened. This reconciliation needed to happen. Islamic world broke the ground for this world.

In the west te first encounter with western Philosophy began after the 10th cent, and it happened in Spain. Libraries, like in Toledo, had writing of philosophers. Within a century people from europe were learining arabic so they could translate these texts. Aristotle arrives a little later. Galen arrives a little later. Silerno in S Italy becomes an important place for medical thought and scholarship. Only later did western scholars realize they could go to the Greek texts. For a while Arabic was the medium. Galen: He produced so much, but there is no organization. Ibn-Sina took Galen and put it into a readable, understandable form, and this was so useful that all the universities used this material for.

The second Crusade: Called for by the Pope in response to the capture of Edessa. The King of Edessa. The North part of the Levant was the first part to be captured, this is where Edessa is. Skeleton crew were left behind to rule in Kingdoms. The purpose of the Crusade was to take up your cross and fight for Christianity, to take the Holy Land. 1140S Conrad of germany, and Lui of France led armies. The crusade floundered because they didn't coordiate well. They were cut up. Lui's marriage fell apart. They proposed to attack Cairo, but they never got there, they returned to France. Marriage was annuled because they were too closely related. She remarrys.

Third Crusade:\ Saladin: his uncle was reppeling the crusaders in Egypt, uncle brought Saladin along, and he gained power after death. He was the leader of the forces, and asserted power in Middle east. Once the Imam died he forced Sunni dominance. He founded the Aiub dynasty. He is Kurdish. He is a successful attempt to resist the Crusaders, eh recaptured Jesualem in 1187. salah al-din was admired in the West and in the Islamic World. He is gracious to friends and enemies. He was jenerous to the captives of Jerusalm. He was ruthless with the faithless. He killed Renauld, who had broken promises and had killed many pilgrims on the way to Mecca. Salah Al-din personally killed him. He fights Gallepo. Europeans weren't use to the climate and the infant mortality rate was high. Their dynasties tended to die out. Also Kings died and left young princes. Balwin IV, he ws 13 when he took the throne, he was a leper and died young. King of Jerusalem. He tried to be a good ruler. The kingdom is broke apart because of factions within. Sibylla was Baldwin V who also dies young. The kingdom is left to Heiresses. Whoever they will mary will get the kingdom. Sibylla, Baldwin IV's sister rules and marries. Salah Al-Din manages to surround Frankish army at Hattin. The crusaders were without water. They weren't able to defend themselves well. S.D. Captures survivors, and captures the relic of the True Cross. Whith the destruction of the Crusader army S.D. Takes over Jerusalem. King Guy is spared with an oath not to fight in the future, he breaks it. Reynald is executed because he was a traitor. 200 templars and hospitalers were executed. The above is in preperation for the 3rd Crusade, the Muslims taking Jerusalem back. Beginning of 3rd Crusade: Barbarossa: was old and had experienced in Crusades. Richard of England, The Lionheart, he symbolized courage and the right. Philip II of France is devious. He doesn't go on Crusades, but does behind the back to get King of Frances stuff. Friedrich. He falls off his horse and drowns. He was a feared character and the Muslims believe this was an act of God. Richard the Lionheart: He was victorious at the siege of Acre. He had captured 3000 men of the city and wanted to use them and exchange with Salah-ad-din. He beheads all of them because negociations don't work out. Richard never makes it to Jerusalm, he has to return to jerusalem because his brother John is destroying the kingdom. He is captured on the way home by the king of Austria, and England was taxed to death after that. He had also offered his sister to Salah. D., but that didn't work out. Isabel marries Henry of Champegne who is pulled out of the window by his dwarf Jester.

Fourth Crusade: Venetians hired to provide sea passage to Outremer, but they're payment doesn't com. The exiled Alixious Comnenus offers to pay eeverything, once he was restored to the throune, if they'd help him regain the crown. They succeed, and install him as emperor, but he is unable to pay them, even with sever taxes. He is assasinated by his own peple. Venitians contracted to have more men for Crusades, but only half the amount of men showed up and they made them work for them. They lay seige to a Christian town and the pope doesn't like this because crusades should be against non-christians. So crusade is diverted to Constantinople. A young prince is given his throne back, and the crusaders put him there and he dies, soon the Crusaders want payment, so they enter the city and take stuff. Latin Kingdom of Byzantium is established. This sparked extreme disaproval in Eu. They are fighting against christians. Pope condemned all of this. Constantinople then had to folllow Catholic rites. These people used to be Orthodox Christians. They didn't see the Pope as having all authority. The Romans tried to make them Roman Catholics, but didn't work, now they still hate each other.

Fith Crusade. Friedrich II: grew up in Sicily and was an Arabic/Christian prince. He wasn't a good diplomat with the Papacy. He was supposed to go on a Crusade, and he delayed. He then married the princess of Jerusalem and became titular King. He got Jerusalem back. He was excomunicated by the Pope for these things and his achievement wasn't recognized and the city eventually fell into Muslim hands.

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