Sep.+29+lecture+notes

Class notes for 29th of September Crusades: **Neo-Platonism** __Slide: Plotinus (205-270 AD) founder of **neo-Platonism**__ · Beliefs that God’s creations are not in his image, but his creativity coalesced into a being/creation (lower leveling of being) and the levels of being continued downward ex: Human, dog, plan. Goal for beings/creations to reunite with creater. This is considered perfection · Neo-Platonism/ Aristotle/ Sufism: Goal is to draw close to God by eradicating personality and become part of Great God. · St. Augustine adopts Neo-Platonism into Christianity (4th/5th century) __Side: **Publius Vergilius Maro** (Virgil) 70-19 B.C.__ · **Dante** writes “Divine Comedy” based on Neo-Platonism… it is the plan of Salvation (Catholic and Neo-Platonic plan) · In “The Divine Comedy” he is guided by Virgil, but Virgil is an un-baptized pagan, so he is dammed. __Side: The Cosmos and Neo-Platonism (Plan of Salvation in Divine Comedy)__ · Ethnocentric earth… (Jerusalem, Hell, level, level, level, Paradise) at each level you are given more truth about God. · Materiality estranges us from God because as we reach God, we travel beyond the earth and material things to a non-material sphere. (remember this is all a spiritual experience not literal) · Spiritual accent from Hell to heaven __Slide: The empyrean: Outer Fire and Glory__
 * Where God lives... near heat love... devil lives in the cold

· Intellect: That part of the mind that can perceive pure reality, not materiality. __Slide: Neo-plantism in Operation__ · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">• **Ibn Sina** (980-1037) genius in medicine and philosophy. Authored renowned medical books (//**Canon of Medicine**//) that were used in Western Europe. He was highly noted for his philosophical works where he tried to reconcile Islamic doctrines and Greek philosophy by infusing the Neoplatonic & Aristotelian systems (//**The Book of Healing**).// · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">**Al-Ghazali** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> (1058-1111) tirelessly defended traditional religious doctrine/theology by pitting it against what he saw as blasphemous philosophers like Ibn Sina (above) in his book //**The Incoherence of the Philosopher**.// He feels Ibn Sina was destroying Islam because he felt Islamic doctrines could not be reconciled with Greek philosophy. · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">• **Ibn Rushd** (1126-1198) He did not agree with Al-Ghazali’s conclusion to give up (Al-Ghazali became so frustrated that he gave up philosophy to became a wondering mystic). Ibn Rushd feels that there is still something of value in philosophy. He goes to the primary sources of Aristotle instead of the corrupted Neo-Platonic secondary sources and writes a refutation to Al-Ghazali’s books called //**The Incoherence of the Incoherence**//. This book shows us how to reconcile reason (Greek philosophy) and faith (Islamic theology)…very important. Thomas Aquinas does the same kind of thing for Christianity. · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Remember if Western Europe was not able to reconcile science and theology, there would have been no scientific revelation. This reconciliation is very important… we are indebted to the Islamic world for their commitment at reconciliation first which paved the way for others to follow suit. · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">The way the western world finds out about these great Islamic works is when the Spanish start to reconquer areas like Corlao that had Muslim libraries. 12th c. first wave of Islamic works translated into Latin coming into Europe. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">__Slide: the **Second Crusade**… ended in 1148__ · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Pope responds to capture of Odessa and calls 2nd crusade. Odessa was one of the first crusader states established after the 1st crusade, but Muslims take it in 1140. Part of the problem was that the crusader states were undermanned. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">__Slide: **Crusade Kingdoms** (fertile crescent…)1140’s Odessa captured__. · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">If the Islamic world had unity they could have squelched the crusaders… 11c. there was some unity which changes things · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">**2nd Crusade** led by **Conrad of Germany** and **Louis of France**. 1140c. · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">The crusade was disorganized and armies were not waiting for each other at Constantinople so they were slaughtered by the Turks · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Eleanor and Louis marriage fell apart during crusade · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Eleanor marries Duke of Aungu or Anjue???(part of next crusades) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">**The intermediate period between the 2nd and 3rd crusade:** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">__Slide: **Saladin**__ (his uncle was in charge of repelling crusaders in Egypt and he brings his nephew with him) Saladin asserts his power over area after his uncles death. The Fatimid caliphs lose their imam… Saladin asserts power over Fatima dynasty. He founds the Ayyubid dynasty (he is Kurdish). He makes first successful united attempt against crusaders. He recapturs Jerusalem (1187). <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">__Slide: Salah al-Din (1193).__ · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">He captured Jerusalem in (1187). His treatment of captured crusaders was part of the reason for his success · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">He was decent to the besieged, but he was ruthless to the faithless · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Occupies Olepo? · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">situation in the crusaders states… there was high turnover of leadership making the states weak and easy to conqure <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">__Slide: **Baldwin IV** (-1185) the “Leper King” (had Lepercy__) · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">there were regents ruling for him. He was king of Jerusalem… was manipulated <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">__Slide: Sibylla__ · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Baldwin leaves son Baldwin V who dies (age 8)… Jerusalem is left to heiresses. · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">The sister of Baldwin IV marries **Guy de Lusigne** and he becomes King of Jerusalem… he was incompetent ruler of Jerusalem <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">__Slide: The Hattin Campaign__ · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Saladin draws out the crusaders and traps a large them at Hattin (they are dying of thirst) · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Huge tactical blunder of king Guy de Lusigne · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Saladin captures the relic of the true cross 1185… right before the capture of Jerusalem. · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">With the destruction of the army nothing stops Saladin from taking Jerusalem <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">__Slide: Balian of Ibelin (Movie: The kingdom of heaven)__ <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">__Slide: Saladin treatment of Prisoners__ · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">King Guy de Lusigne is spared, and others take an oath not to fight and are freed. · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Reynald is executed · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">There is an exchange of prisoners <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">__Slide: Call for the **Third Crusade**__ · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Rallied behind the greatest kings of the age… **Fredrick Barbarossa** (holy Roman Emperor… old but famous worrier, **Richard of England** (picture of chivalry) **Philip II of France** (clever, Machiavellian wimp) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">__Slide The end of Friedrich Barbarossa (1155-1190) falls off horse and drowned__ · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Muslims believe death was act of God  · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Richards of England arrival in holy land difficult because he had to deal with Byzantines. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">__Slide: Victory at Acre__  · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">**Richard captures** 3,000 men. He wants to use captured to negotiate with Saladin. Negotiations fall through and Richard beheads captured in front of Muslim army. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Side: Richards failure · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">He never makes it to Jerusalem (John his brother is inept at home) and Philip made problems in France. · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Richard captured by king of Austria and held for ransom. England taxed to death to free him <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">__Side: End of the Third Crusade__ · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Conrad of Montferrat is crowned King of Jerusalem · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Dwarf kills someone important??? Sorry, did not catch name? Maybe: Henry of Charlemagne. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">__Slide: The **Fourth Crusade (1204)**__ · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Tries to get Jerusalem… bad for Byzantine… everyone (French, Germans, English) gathered in Italy. They contract with the venetians for men, but only half of the Venetian show up. The contract is dropped and a new contract for the half of the venetians that do show up basicallycontracted the crusaders out to be mercenaries for the venetians to help them regain a few lots states. This outrages the Pope. The Venetians persuades the crusaders to head to Constantinople to help young prince name Alexius who promises payment if they can help him regain his kingdom. · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Saladin dies early <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">__Slide: **Sack of Constantinople (1204)**__ · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Alexius fails to pay crusaders, so they kill him. The Venetians than take over Constantinople and ransack the city. · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Fell under Western Rule for 57 years… the Latin Kingdom of Byzantium. · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Europe reacts. They were very upset because the crusaders had attacked Zara and Christians from Constantinople and Pope Innocent was very upset. The crusaders had to do fancy negotiations. They had to establish Latin kingdom. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">__Slide: **Fifth Crusade: Assault of Egypt**__ · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">They did not succeeded.. army cut to pieces <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">__Slide: **Friedrich II (**1220-1250)__ · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Heir to the kingdom of Sicily… Christian/ Arabic prince · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Leads 6th crusade · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Papsi did not like him · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">He was orders to go on a crusade and later won back Jerusalem through negotiations… he was excommunicated for not going on the first crusade the Pope ordered him on. He was an outcast because he was excommunicated and so he lost his legitimacy and Jerusalem fell back into Muslim hands. Type in the content of your page here.

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