home

Dear Class: I've thought it over: there will be no questions drawn from Maalouf: "Crusades through ..." Also, since you are writing about al-Ghazali, there will be no questions about that. (And none also on Bulliett). Most of the questions will be based on Egger's text, and on my quiz questions that covered that material. I think there will be about 50 questions, and most of them will be objective (choice, matching, true/false). I'm trying to make them as straightforward as possible. There will be written portions, but I'll give you choices (I think). So, in summary: review Egger carefully, with your notes; review the quiz questions; and review Lowney, based on the discussion questions I posted. I've tried to make the questions clear to anyone who has read carefully and attended my lectures. See you, Glen Cooper I think if you run through Egger again and read good class notes (your own or someone elses) and get the questions down on Loweny (and the quizzes) you should to be good to go! 1st Floor Study Rooms 1.Jennifer Crapse jennifercrapse@yahoo.com **2. Alisha Hasson** alishahasson@gmail.com 3.Kyle Rogers kjrogers84@gmail.com 4.Blake Herzinger blake.herzinger@gmail.com 5.Heather Veit heatheriveit@gmail.com 6.Austin Williams ilovetexas1@hotmail.com 7.Brandon Foster brandonwilliamfoster@gmail.com 8.Mike Brodie mikebbrodie@gmail.com 9. Thomas Nance tfyans@gmail.com 10. John Nash hummers310@yahoo.com / jnash310@yahoo.com 11. Elizabeth Uibel elizabethuibel@gmail.com 12. Jacob Cuthbert jakecuthbert@gmail.com 
 * If you want to meet, I reserved a room in the Library at 8pm on Thursday evening:** Room:1720
 * Midterm Group Members**
 * Midterm Study Guide** 
 * • There will be a multiple choice section on the basics of the Islamic religion and the early history of that faith.**

-I predict that the multiple choice will come from the first few lectures in class from September 3-17th… If we could get a few people to post their lecture notes for Sep 3- 17 to look over that would be great. If you have good lecture notes for the following days, email me and I will look through them and post them to lecture notes. Someone already sent me some of their lecture notes for September, which I posted under midterm lecture notes. As I have looked through the lecture notes Dr. Cooper posted, it seems that those cover the basics of the Islamic religion well, so I would say that you should read over your own notes (or someone else's lecture notes) and Dr. Coopers lecture notes and you should be good on the multiple choice. September 3 **B ** part 1; **E ** Ch. 1 September 8 **E ** Chs. 2-3; **B ** concluded September10 **E ** Ch. 4; Graeco-Arabic Translation Movement **QUIZ ** September15 **E ** Ch. 5 September 17 **E ** Chs. 6-7 **QUIZ ** 
 * //Unit One: Islamic World to 1100 AD //**

The next part of Unit One went into the **Crusades **... I don't know if this will be a part of the multiple choice section of the test or not. On bb it does have lecture notes and ppt slides on the Crusades for us to review for the test, so I know we need to know about the Crusades. Alisha will go through her class notes, the slides and the book //The Crusade through Arab Eyes// and give us a focused summary of important points/people etc. Alisha, you don't need to sum up the book anymore.  //<span style="-moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%; font-family: 'Times','serif';">Unit Two: Islamic Spain // **<span style="-moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%; font-family: 'Times','serif';"> (Loweny Book) <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times','serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">
 * • Review the quizzes and discussion questions provided, for the exam questions will be drawn from them. Have a look at the Lowney and the al-Ghazzali study questions also**. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times','serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">

<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times','serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Jen/ Jake 1. Why was Maimonides called a “second Moses”? Jen/ Jake 2. How doe the Poem of the Cid reflect Spanish Christian attitudes toward the Jews? Jen/ Jake 3. How did the coming of the Almohads affect Maimonides’ family? Alisha/ Kyle 4. Where did the family end up, and after how long? Alisha/ Kyle 5. How and why did Moses’ life change after they lived in Cairo? Alisha / Kyle 6. What occupation did Moses follow 1) for the first half of his life? 2) for the remainder of it? Blake/ Heather 7. Who was Gerard of Cremona, and how was he connected with Muslim Spain? Blake/ Heather 8. What was the Arabic medical textbook (and its author) translated into Latin and long used in European universities? Blake/ Heather 9. According to the author, what was Maimonides’ greatest contribution to medical knowledge? Austin/ Brandon10. Describe Jewish law before Maimonides, and how he tried to help the situation. How were his efforts received? Austin/ Brandon 11. Describe how Maimonides was a rationalist. Austin/ Brandon12. Why was the Guide of the Perplexed a controversial work? Mike/ Thomas 13. What does Maimonides teach about the resurrection of the body? How did many Jews feel about this? Mike/ Thomas 14. What does Robinson Crusoe have to do with Islam? Mike/ Thomas 15. Recount the story of Hayy ibn Yaqzan John/ Elizabeth 16. How is that story a critique of institutional Islam? John/ Elizabeth 17. What was Ibn Tufayl’s relationship with Ibn Rushd? John/ Elizabeth 18. How did Averroes reconcile faith and reason? Jen/ Jake 19. How did Averroes influence the Latin West? Jen/ Jake 20. Who was Moses de Leon? What was his book called, and how did he market it? Jen/ Jake 21. Describe the concept and practice of kabbalah. How is this a form of mysticism? Kyle/Blake Explain how the //<span style="font-family: 'Times','serif';">Theology of Aristotle // spread Neo-Platonism into the Islamic world. Kyle/ Blake 22. Explain the concept of //<span style="font-family: 'Times','serif';">convivencia // and how scholars employ this term to describe al-Andalus. Kyle/ Blake 23. Why did the Christian rulers of Spain tolerate the existence of Granada for over 2 centuries after the rest of Islamic Spain had fallen to them? Heather/ Austin. 24. What measures were ordered by the Pope at the Lateran Council against Jews and Muslims in Christian Spain after the Reconquest? Why were these measures often disregarded in Spain? Heather/ Austin 25. Describe several examples of interfaith cooperation in Spain. Heather/ Austin 26. Explain why Alfonso deserves the nickname “El Sabio”. Give three reasons. Brandon/ Mike 27. Explain the chief purpose of the Spanish Inquisition. Why were Jewish converts to Christianity its principal targets? How effective was it? Brandon/ Mike 28. How does the story of the Abrabanel family reflect the tragic situation of all Jews in Spain? Brandon/ Mike 29. Explain the dual character of St. James. Thomas/ John 30. Describe three major developments in Arabic math and science that passed from Spain into Western Europe. Thomas/ John 31. How was the career of the Jew, Samuel ibn Naghrela (ha-Nagid) unusual? Why does he merit the title “David of [his] age”? Thomas/ John 32. Contrast the two epics: The Song of Roland and The Poem of the Cid in their depiction of Muslims and their relations to Christians. How does the place of authorship of each poem bear upon the attitudes expressed in each poem?
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times','serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Loweny Discussion Questions from A Vanished World (Muslim Spain) (Jake answered most of the questions, so if your name is by a question, would you please answer it, go over it & add to it (if needed), or edit it if needed. Thanks you guys! **

1. **Why was Maimonides called a “second Moses”?** Musa ibn Maymun; ie. Moses Maimonides: Arab Jew, scientist and phillosopher, and Jewish Sage (1204). He wrote mostly in Arabic. Judeu-Arabic: Arabic written in Hebrew letters. He is called the “RaMBaM” stands for rabi, …. He is also called the Second Moses. Why? His book was revered like scripture. To become a Jewish Law Sage they must memorize their books of scripture. This is needed because to judge, one must know the entire tradition. He has done nothing but study the law for his youth. The pursuit of knowledge is a blessing and ppl who aren't scholars donated to these schools. His brother David has buisiness In India and all over. His brother died on a ship wreck. So, Moses became a physician. He was physician to the vizier to Salah-ideen. Thus he is supported and in the evening he also looked at ordinary people. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times','serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"> It implied that they were a convenient, but they could be discarded and have a worthless past. They are there in Spain, but they are forgotten. But, they were actually a vital part of society. They were the only ones to lend with interest. Many people would borrow, including rulers and leaders. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times','serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"> The Almohades from Africa conquered Córdoba in 1148, and threatened the Jewish community with the choice of conversion to Islam, death, or exile.[9] Maimonides's family, along with most other Jews, chose exile. For the next ten years they moved about in southern Spain, avoiding the conquering Almohades, but eventually settled in Fez in Morocco. During this time, he composed his acclaimed commentary on the Mishnah in the years 1166–1168[10]. 4. Where did the family end up, and after how long? About 20 Years to Get to cairo. Following this sojourn in Morocco, he and his family briefly lived in the Holy Land, before settling in Fostat, Egypt around 1168.
 * 2. How doe the Poem of the Cid reflect Spanish Christian attitudes toward the Jews?**
 * 3. How did the coming of the Almohads affect Maimonides’ family?**

Maimonides shortly thereafter became instrumental in helping rescue Jews taken captive during [|King Amalric] 's siege on the Egyptian town of [|Bilbays]. He sent five letters to the Jewish communities of lower Egypt requesting them to pool money together to pay the ransom. The money was collected and then given to two judges sent to Palestine to negotiate with the Crusaders. The captives were eventually released. [|[12]] Following this triumph, the Maimonides family gave their savings to the youngest son David, a merchant, in the hopes of expanding their wealth. Maimonides directed him to procure goods only at the Sudanese port of Aydhab, but, after a long arduous trip through the desert, David did not like the goods offered in the port city. So he boarded a ship to India against his brother's wishes since great wealth was to be found in the East. [|[13]] Sadly, David drowned at sea sometime between 1169–1170 before he could make it to India. The death of his brother caused Maimonides to become sick with grief <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times','serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"> 1st- Jewish Law, then medicine. Moses’ contribution to medicine: he said that we must treat all parts of existence: spirit, mind, body, environment, diet, etc. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">
 * 5. How and why did Moses’ life change after they lived in Cairo?**
 * 6. What occupation did Moses follow 1) for the first half of his life? 2) for the remainder of it?**

Italian scholar who came to Toledo. One of most prolific translators in medieval era, learned Arabic. Translated at least 70 major works. Translated the Canon of Medicine by Ibn Sina.
 * 7. Who was Gerard of Cremona, and how was he connected with Muslim Spain?**

8. What was the Arabic medical textbook (and its author) translated into Latin and long used in European universities? Canon of Medicine by Ibn Sina/Avicenna, was written in 11th century and still used in 1650. 9. According to the author, what was Maimonides’ greatest contribution to medical knowledge? His suggestion that the soul’s health could impact the bodys health. Religion and medicine are complementary and related disciplines. Illness could be caused/exacerbated by moral unhealthiness. 10. Describe Jewish law before Maimonides, and how he tried to help the situation. How were his efforts received? 11. Describe how Maimonides was a rationalist. 12. Why was the Guide of the Perplexed a controversial work? 13. What does Maimonides teach about the resurrection of the body? How did many Jews feel about this? 14. What does Robinson Crusoe have to do with Islam? What does Robinson Caruso have to do with Islam? Hay ibn Yaqzan: book. The desert island, lots of time to think. Similarities in Yaqzan's book. Dufou probably did read the book. It had been translated into english. Yaqzans's book: it explores the idea and questions of how someone would be raised away from society. How would they turn out? Islam in its pure form. This brings up the thought of the blank slate. John Lock studied this book. His thoughts are probably connected to ibn-Tufayl. How is it a critique of institutional society? Why didn't this help Islam to adopt a similar democratic system? Why didn't Islam experience an enlightenment? Meybe because the religion is backwards etc. but it is a vast question. Their society wasn't ready for it. Why wasn't Idn-Tufyl punished for this work? Because it is kind of writen in parables, the meaning isn't on the surface. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times','serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Ḥ <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">ayy ibn Yaq <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">ẓ <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">ān (Arabic: حي بن يقظان‎ "Alive, son of Awake"; Latin: Philosophus Autodidactus "The Self-Taught Philosopher"; English: The Improvement of Human Reason: Exhibited in the Life of Hai Ebn Yokdhan) was the first Arabic novel and the first philosophical novel,[1][2] written by Ibn Tufail (also known as Aben Tofail or Ebn Tophail), an Arab philosopher and physician, in early 12th century Islamic Spain. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Ibn Tufail's novel tells the story of an [|autodidactic] [|feral child], raised by a [|gazelle] and living alone on a [|desert island] in the [|Indian Ocean]. After his gazelle mother passes away when he is still a child, he [|dissects] her body and performs an [|autopsy] in order to find out what happened to her. The discovery that her death was due to a loss of innate heat sets him "on a road of [|scientific inquiry]" and self-discovery. [|[1]]<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> Without contact with other human beings, Hayy discovers ultimate truth through a systematic process of [|reasoned] [|inquiry]. Hayy ultimately comes into contact with [|civilization] and [|religion] when he meets a [|castaway] named Absal. He determines that certain trappings of religion and civilization, namely imagery and dependence on [|material] goods, are necessary for the multitude in order that they might have decent lives. However, he believes that imagery and material goods are distractions from the truth and ought to be abandoned by those whose reason recognizes that they are distractions. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times','serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> What does Robinson Caruso have to do with Islam? Hay ibn Yaqzan: book. The desert island, lots of time to think. Similarities in Yaqzan's book. Dufou probably did read the book. It had been translated into english. Yaqzans's book: it explores the idea and questions of how someone would be raised away from society. How would they turn out? Islam in its pure form. This brings up the thought of the blank slate. John Lock studied this book. His thoughts are probably connected to ibn-Tufayl. How is it a critique of institutional society? Why didn't this help Islam to adopt a similar democratic system? Why didn't Islam experience an enlightenment? Meybe because the religion is backwards etc. but it is a vast question. Their society wasn't ready for it. Why wasn't Idn-Tufyl punished for this work? Because it is kind of writen in parables, the meaning isn't on the surface. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times','serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> Born in Guadix near Granada, he was educated by Ibn Bajjah (Avempace). He served as a secretary for the ruler of Granada, and later as vizier and physician for Abu Yaqub Yusuf, the Almohad ruler of Al-Andalus, to whom he recommended Ibn Rushd (Averroës) as his own future successor in 1169. Ibn Rushd later reports this event and describes how Ibn Tufail then inspired him to write his famous Aristotelian commentaries.
 * 15. Recount the story of Hayy ibn Yaqzan**
 * 16. How is that story a critique of institutional Islam?**
 * 17. What was Ibn Tufayl’s relationship with Ibn Rushd?**

Ibn-Rusht: Seville; from a long line of Qadi's. He was a protoge of ibn-Tufyl. aAvaraways: the Comentator: nickname. He wrote commentaries on the works of Aristotle. THIS is how the west was introduced to the West. How did avaraways reconcile faith and reason? If scrip doesn't line up with reason then we should reevaluate our perpective. Primacy is given to observation. If our interpretation doesn't line up with reason we probably don't understand the scriptures. False Dichotomy: one or the other but not both. Why not both. False because your are cutting the two worlds when they are really not cut, they work together. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times','serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> This is how aVeranaways thought. His progeny who took this to the next level was Thomas Aquinas. His writings were later used as a systematic way of analyzing and interpreting the ancient philosophers. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times','serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> Moses de León (c. 1250 – 1305), known in Hebrew as Moshe ben Shem-Tov (משה בן שם-טוב די-ליאון), was a Spanish rabbi and Kabbalist who is thought of as the composer or redactor of the Zohar. It is a matter of controversy if the Zohar is his own work, or that he committed traditions going back to Rabbi Shimon bar Yohai in writing. His other works include Sefer ha-Rimon, written in Hebrew. He was born in Guadalajara, Spain. .Zohar. The book aroused due suspicion at the outset. The story runs that after the death of Moses de Leon a rich man from Avila offered the widow, who had been left without means, a large sum of money for the original from which her husband had made the copy, and that she then confessed that her husband himself was the author of the work. She had asked him several times, she said, why he had put his teachings into the mouth of another, but he had always answered that doctrines put into the mouth of the miracle-working Simeon ben Yo <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">ḥ <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">ai would be a rich source of profit. Others believed that Moses de Leon wrote the book by the magic power of the Holy Name.
 * 18. How did Averroes reconcile faith and reason?**
 * 19. How did Averroes influence the Latin West?**
 * 20. Who was Moses de Leon? What was his book called, and how did he market it?**

Tree of Life. Numerology known as gamatria. Trying to be prepared to enter God's presence. Gematria: Number value of letters. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Kabbalah (Hebrew: קַבָּלָה‎, lit. "receiving") is a discipline and school of thought concerned with the mystical aspect of Judaism. It is a set of esoteric teachings that is meant to explain the relationship between an infinite, eternal and essentially unknowable Creator with the finite and mortal universe of His creation.
 * 21. Describe the concept and practice of kabbalah. How is this a form of mysticism?**

Blake: Plotinus, Egyptian who studied Plato, comes up with idea of the ascending levels of the fountain where creation overflows from the top, and all creation instinctually turns back toward the source. Ascend levels by shedding worldliness until becoming one with Creator. He goes to Rome, then philosophers scattered by Justinian, kept alive by Persian Nestorians, Greek knowledge eventually re-translated from Nestorian’s Syriac into Arabic by 9th Century Baghdad scholars, spreads across trade routes across entire Muslim empire. Plotinus’ work mistakenly relabeled the Theology of Aristotle. ** Slide: Plotinus (205-270 AD) founder of neo-Platonism. Neo-Platonism/ Aristotle/ Sufism: Goal is to draw close to God by eradicating personality and become part of Great God. St. Augustine adopts Neo-Platonism into Christianity (4th/5th century). Side: Publius Vergilius Maro (Virgil) 70-19 B.C. Dante writes “Divine Comedy” based on Neo-Platonism… it is the plan of Salvation (Catholic and Neo-Platonic plan) In “The Divine Comedy” he is guided by Virgil, but Virgil is an un-baptized pagan, so he is dammed. Side: The Cosmos and Neo-Platonism (Plan of Salvation in Divine Comedy) Ethnocentric earth… (Jerusalem, Hell, level, level, level, Paradise) at each level you are given more truth about God. Materiality estranges us from God because as we reach God, we travel beyond the earth and material things to a non-material sphere. (remember this is all a spiritual experience not literal). <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Entered Arabic as a (mistaken) mixture of Plato and Aristotle’s thought, so it already had appeal as a scientific and religious paradigm. The story of how the Creator made all the levels of reality and how that connected with the physical cosmos provided a ready model for the Sufi ascent of the soul, as well as a way to reconcile scientific knowledge, and revealed knowledge (e.g. the philosopher vs. the prophet). Al-Farabi and Ibn Sina were the great philosophers who used NP in their philosophical systems. Al-Ghazali was the great critic of them, who tried to deconstruct their systems, and to show how they are un-Islamic, but perhaps paradoxically, he benefitted from the NP contribution to Sufi mysticism. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">
 * Explain how the** //<span style="font-family: 'Times','serif';">**Theology of Aristotle** // **spread Neo-Platonism into the Islamic world.

Blake: Common life, means that society only functioned with the cooperation of Christians, Muslims, and Jews. Not interfaith dialogue, but drew ideas and influences from beyond their own religious tradition. Almohads begin to erode it, the Christian takeover kills it. Convivencia ("the Coexistence") is a term used to describe the situation in Spanish history from about 711 to 1492 – concurrent with the Reconquista ("Reconquest") – when Jews, Muslims, and Catholics in Spain lived in relative peace together within the different kingdoms (during the same time, however, the Christian push to the south into Moorish land was ongoing). The phrase often refers to the interplay of cultural ideas between the three groups, and ideas of religious tolerance. Golden Age.
 * 22. Explain the concept of //<span style="font-family: 'Times','serif';">convivencia // and how scholars employ this term to describe al-Andalus.**

Blake: Nasrid rulers buy some good favor by aiding Christians in taking Seville. It was also a place for conquered Muslims to go, which saved Fernando III the trouble of ruling over cities with angry muslim majorities. Granada also paid a large tribute yearly to Castile, which definitely needed the cash.
 * 23. Why did the Christian rulers of Spain tolerate the existence of Granada for over 2 centuries after the rest of Islamic Spain had fallen to them?**

(This would be the Jews, not Granada)>They were the only ones who would lend with interest in the community.

The papal bull issued by Pope Innocent IV in April, 1250, to the effect that Jews might not build a new synagogue without special permission, also made making proselytes was forbidden to the Jews under pain of death and confiscation of property. They might not associate with the Christians, live under the same roof with them, eat and drink with them, or use the same bath; neither might a Christian partake of wine which had been prepared by a Jew. The Jews might not employ Christian nurses or servants, and Christians might use only medicinal remedies which had been prepared by competent Christian apothecaries. Every Jew should wear the badge, though the king reserved to himself the right to exempt any one from this obligation; any Jew apprehended without the badge was liable to a fine of ten gold maravedís or to the infliction of ten stripes. The Jews were forbidden to appear in public on Good Friday. Jews in Spain had gained the trust of many rulers by doing things for them no one else could do.
 * 24. What measures were ordered by the Pope at the Lateran Council against Jews and Muslims in Christian Spain after the Reconquest? Why were these measures often disregarded in Spain?**

"Alfonso assembled a multicultrual team to translate and update the research of the eleventh-century Cordoban astronomer al-Zarkali." Muslim, Jewish and Christian translators... (translated) excerpts from the Quran and the Talmud, philosophical works, mathematical treatises, and even manuals for chess and backgammon." to translate these works "muticultural teamwork was essential." Alfonso (a christian) also made Jews physicians and encouraged them to work with other physicians because of their great skills. Alfonso started a lot of interfaith scholarly collaborations also. "even more impressive, however, were many acts of interfaith collaboration that were freely chosen and not spurred by royal patronage." //A Vanished World// (pg. 221)
 * 25. Describe several examples of interfaith cooperation in Spain.**

Alfonso would end up allying with a Marinid Sultan for financial and military help in keeping his power. Alfonso’s second son Sancho would become his heir. Alfonso “epitomized the best and worst of Spain at this time.” He was like Saint James (Santiago). He was known as Alfonso the Moor killer and Alfonso the wise. There were great cultural, scientific, governmental, and human rights achievements during his reign. He also fostered a common language among the people. The Christians, Jews and Muslims were relatively united under Alfonso. The legal system he enacted was comparably tolerant towards those of Jewish and Muslim faith. They were not to be forced to convert to Christianity and everyone was under the same set of laws in most cases (Christians, Muslims and Jews). However, Alfonso also “mirrored the kingdom he ruled, a land torn by contradictory beliefs and passions during the uneasy struggle to transform many Spains into one nation. “
 * 26. Explain why Alfonso deserves the nickname “El Sabio”. Give three reasons.**

The persecutions, the laws of exclusion, the humiliation inflicted upon them, and the many conversions among them had greatly injured the Jews, but with them suffered the whole kingdom of Spain. Commerce and industry were at a standstill, the soil was not cultivated, and the finances were disturbed. In Aragon entire communities—as those of Barcelona, Lerida, and Valencia—had been destroyed, many had been reduced to poverty and had lost more than half of their members. In order to restore commerce and industry Queen Maria, consort of Alfonso V and temporary regent, endeavored to draw Jews to the country by offering them privileges, while she made emigration difficult by imposing higher taxes.
 * 27. Explain the chief purpose of the Spanish Inquisition. Why were Jewish converts to Christianity its principal targets? How effective was it?**

Don Judah Abravanel was treasurer and tax-collector under Sancho IV (1284–95) and Ferdinand IV (1295–1312). In 1310 he and other Jews guaranteed the loans made to the crown of Castile to finance the siege of Algeciras. In 1388 he served as royal treasurer in Andalusia. During the anti-Jewish riots of 1391 he was forcibly converted to Christianity under the name of //Juan Sanchez (de Sevilla)// and was appointed comptroller in Castile. It is thought that a passage in a poem in the Cancionero de Baena, attributed to Alfonso Alvarez de Villasandino, refers to him. Don Judah Abravanel and his family later fled to Lisbon, Portugal, where they reverted to Judaism and filled important governmental posts. [|[]<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">
 * 28. How does the story of the Abrabanel family reflect the tragic situation of all Jews in Spain?**

Santiago de Compostela where St .James’s remains were said to be found by Pelayo the Hermit. He saw a heavenly light that led him to the remains. How is this significant (Santiago)? It just gives the Christians/people living in the areas some sort of authenticity. This became the second most important area in the Christian world because pilgrims brought prosperity and this became a great pilgrimage site. Santiago/St James becomes a war saint and the symbol of the Reconquista (reconquest of Christianity Rule in Spain) St James was a good example of the love/hate relationship felt between the people of these three religions in Spain. James was both portrayed as the killer and the pilgrim. Christians projected their hopes and hatreds onto him. He was known as the Killer of the Moors (Muslims) and the benevolent, charitable and tolerant St James. He was the best and the worst of the Christian world.
 * 29. Explain the dual character of St. James.**

Al-Khwarizmi- (780-850) was a Persian, mathmatician, astronomer and geographer. in the **House of Wisdom** After the Islamic conquest of Perisa, Baghdad became the centre of scientific studies and trade, and many merchants and scientists from as far as China and India traveled to this city, as did Al-Khwarizmi. He worked in Baghdad as a scholar at the House of Wisdom established by caliph **al-Ma mun**. He wrote a book called The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing. This book helped to solve inheritance problems and shows how to solve a quadratic equation. Al-Khwarizmi gives an example of how a quadratic equation/ or the use of a variable could help solve a complicated inheritance problem. There are complicated Islamic laws concerning male and female inheritance (on blackboard there is an example of Khwarizmi’s equations worked. Algebra" is derived from al-jabr, one of the two operations Al-Khwarizmi used to solve quadratic equations. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times','serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Muslims and non-Muslims often came from abroad to study in the famous libraries and universities of al-Andalus after the reconquista of Toledo in 1085 . The most noted of these was Michael Scot (c. 1175 to c. 1235), who took the works of Ibn Rushd ("Averroes") and Ibn Sina ("Avicenna") to Italy. This transmission was to have a significant impact on the formation of the European Renaissance. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times','serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> He was a Poet General. Samuel Hanagiid: he was a Jewish General. He was the David of his time. He was a Poet. He is not King thought, he is still subject. His son had to take over, because Sam dies on the field. His son Joseph takes his position, lacking in respect, experience, etc. Sam died after a meal at his Son's home. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times','serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Comparison of two epics: the //<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Song of Roland // revolves around Charlemagne, and the //<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Poem of El Cid // around Rodrigo Diaz de Vivar, or El Cid (which comes from Arabic “al-sayyid,” or “the lord/master”). These two epics depicted rallying Christian knights against the Muslim competition, and “depicted the sort of Spain that should emerge from the Reconquest.” Epics had sparse plots, and were also called //<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">chansons de geste //, or “songs of brave deeds.” They were usually sung at banquets, fairs, and wherever the //<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">jongleur // (singer) could find paying audiences.
 * 30. Describe three major developments in Arabic math and science that passed from Spain into Western Europe.**
 * 31. How was the career of the Jew, Samuel ibn Naghrela (ha-Nagid) unusual? Why does he merit the title “David of [his] age”?**
 * 32. Contrast the two epics: The Song of Roland and The Poem of the Cid in their depiction of Muslims and their relations to Christians. How does the place of authorship of each poem bear upon the attitudes expressed in each poem?**

The //<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Song of Roland // suggests one solution to Spain’s dilemma with the Muslims, wherein Spanish Christians who obviously worship different must covert or die. Charlemagne is somewhat frightened by the disorderly “swirl” of Muslims, Jews, and Christians in Spain, and just wants to travel from his Christian France to fix it and be done with it. The story is set almost entirely in Spain; showdown between right and wrong, Christian good and Muslim evil. The author of the epic is debated (whether it was or was not written by Turoldus, the signature of whom is on the epic’s manuscript.) He simplified the motives of Charlemagne in attacking the Muslims to create a more “pristine icon of the good Christian knight.” Near the end of the epic, Charlemagne has restored order, Christian right against Muslim wrong. Though he lost his nephew Roland to death, Charlemagne has won Muslim Spain, with “100,000 Saragossans submitting to Christian baptism.” He triumphed, but the epic ends on a more somber note with the angel Gabriel calling Charlemagne to go into battle once again against Islam (which he doesn’t want to do.) His final words are “God, how wearisome my life is.”

El Cid, however, loves Spain, and takes on the Reconquest with a different vision. El Cid believes that he must live alongside the people he conquers because he reaps the consequences of how he treats them. He does not see Spain as blank and white, or that “pagans are wrong and Christians are right” (as Charlemagne did) but believed there was goodness and nobility in both Christians and Muslims. Throughout his epic, El Cid seems a lot happier at his task than Charlemagne was.

<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times','serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"> • **There will be short answer (up to one paragraph), and essay questions (up to 3 paragraphs)**
 * <span style="-moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%; font-family: 'Times','serif';">Unit Two and Three-Quarters: Faith and Reason in Islam //<span style="-moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; background: yellow none repeat scroll 0% 0%; font-family: 'Times','serif'; font-style: normal;">(al-Ghazzali book) //<span style="font-family: 'Times','serif'; font-style: normal;"> **<span style="font-family: 'Times','serif';">**//(//**There will be nothing on this on the midterm)