Oct+6+Lecture+notes

6 **L** Ch. 1-5 **Final** **Project Proposal due**
 * //Unit Two: Islamic Spain //**
 * Al-Khwarizmi **- (780-850) was a Persian, mathmatician, astronomer and geographer. **in the** [|**House of Wisdom**] After the Islamic conquest of Perisa, Baghdad became the centre of scientific studies and trade, and many merchants and scientists from as far as China and India traveled to this city, as did Al-Khwarizmi. He worked in Baghdad as a scholar at the [|House of Wisdom] established by caliph [|**al-Ma mun**] . He wrote a book called **//The Compendious Book on//** //**Calculation by Completion and Balancing.**// This book helped to solve inheritance problems and shows how to solve a quadratic equation. Al-Khwarizmi gives an example of how a quadratic equation/ or the use of a variable could help solve a complicated inheritance problem. There are complicated Islamic laws concerning male and female inheritance (on blackboard there is an example of Khwarizmi’s equations worked. **Algebra" is derived from** **al-jabr**, one of the two operations Al-Khwarizmi used to solve [|quadratic equations].


 * Insights into the Female inheritance of Muslim Women **: Women were to receive half of what their male relatives received which was actually not a sexist practice since the Men were expected to use their money to support their family members (male and female) and the women were not under such obligations. In a way it was pro-women. 
 * Legacies of 11c. Islamic Spain ** was influential to the world’s intellectual development at the time. Shobur (spelling?) and other western scholars traveled to Spain and discovered this treasure of knowledge in Islamic Spain. They would eventually spread it throughout the rest of the world.

The **Hindus **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">pioneered **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">the **<span style="background: yellow; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-highlight: yellow;">place value **<span style="background: yellow; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-highlight: yellow;"> **<span style="background: yellow; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-highlight: yellow;">numerical ****<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> system **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> which we use today (not Islam). Our 60 min, 60 sec, etc. came from the Babylonians because 60 was easily divisible by some commonly used number. Other Legacies of Islamic Spain:

( **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">The People of the book **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">) The Christian Martyrs that blasphemed the prophet can be found in and the Byzogothic conversion to Catholicism <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Truva (means to find… troubadours found their melodies by inspiration. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> **<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Arian Christians **<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">: <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Arianism was the theological teaching of [|**Arius**] **(AD 250–336)**, a Christian priest, who was named as a <span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">[|heretic] at the <span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">[|First Council of Nicea] in 325 after Emperor Constantine saw Arianism as a threat. Emperor Constantine wanted to unify the Christian world by stomping out all of the diverging fractions which Arius/Arianism was seen as. His teachings dealt with the relationship between <span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">[|God the Father] and the person of <span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">[|Jesus], **saying that Jesus was not of one substance with the Father and that** **there had been a time before Jesus existed. He was not co-eternal with God and he became divine was not created divine.** This **teaching of Arius conflicts with other christological positions held by Church theologians in the** [|**Roman Catholic Church**] **and** [|**Eastern Orthodox Churches**] that all three members of the Godhead were co-eternal. Unfortunately for the Christian world, Arian missionaries were sent to (the land where the Goths came from) and the Ostrogoths and Visigoths were consequently converted to wrong kind of Christianity. When they entered the Roman Empire they sacked everything in Greece, Italy, France and Spain. The Ostrogroths entrenched themselves in Northern Italy. The Goths are considered Arian heretics and disgusting by their Catholic subjects. Treatment of the Jews **<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">: The Goths persecuted the Jews which is important because of how the Jews were treated by the Muslims in Islamic Spain. Muslims in Spain treated the Jews better than the Goths and Muslims in the heartland of Islam. The Muslims in Spain ignored laws against the Jews. For example, they allowed them to build churched and serve in public office. This offended the Malmuks and the Berbers and others and was one reason Islamic Spain is so fascinating.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Troubadours **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">: <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">were famous for their <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; msoasciithemefont: major-bidi; msobidifontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msobidithemefont: major-bidi; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msofareastthemefont: major-fareast; msohansithemefont: major-bidi;">[|lyric poetry] <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> during the <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; msoasciithemefont: major-bidi; msobidifontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msobidithemefont: major-bidi; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msofareastthemefont: major-fareast; msohansithemefont: major-bidi;">[|High Middle Ages] <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> (1100–1350). The troubadour school or tradition began in the eleventh century in <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; msoasciithemefont: major-bidi; msobidifontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msobidithemefont: major-bidi; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msofareastthemefont: major-fareast; msohansithemefont: major-bidi;">[|Occitania] <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">, but it subsequently spread into <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; msoasciithemefont: major-bidi; msobidifontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msobidithemefont: major-bidi; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msofareastthemefont: major-fareast; msohansithemefont: major-bidi;">[|Italy] <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">, <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; msoasciithemefont: major-bidi; msobidifontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msobidithemefont: major-bidi; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msofareastthemefont: major-fareast; msohansithemefont: major-bidi;">[|Spain] <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">, and even <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; msoasciithemefont: major-bidi; msobidifontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msobidithemefont: major-bidi; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msofareastthemefont: major-fareast; msohansithemefont: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">[|Greece] <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">. The texts of troubadour songs dealt mainly with themes of <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; msoasciithemefont: major-bidi; msobidifontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msobidithemefont: major-bidi; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msofareastthemefont: major-fareast; msohansithemefont: major-bidi;">[|chivalry] <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> and <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; msoasciithemefont: major-bidi; msobidifontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msobidithemefont: major-bidi; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msofareastthemefont: major-fareast; msohansithemefont: major-bidi;">[|courtly love] <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">William of Aquitaine <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">was the first of the troubadours that we have record of. The Troubadours **poetic songs** were so influential in Islamic Spain among the Muslim (It sounds like they made up songs concerning their **Islamic pedigree using Troubadour style**) that __they did not want to attribute this cultural development to the infidel troubadours and literally tried to force them to go back where they came from.__ It is somewhat of a mystery where they came from. Some Islamic scholars claim that the Muslims did not borrow the creative works of the troubadours to make up their songs.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Loweny text **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Visigoths **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">: <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">were one of two main branches of the <span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">[|Goths], an <span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">[|East Germanic tribe] ; the <span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">[|Ostrogoths] being the other. Together these tribes were among the <span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">[|barbarians] who disturbed the late <span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">[|Roman Empire] during the <span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">[|Migration Period] . The Visigoths first emerged as a distinct people during the fourth century, initially in the <span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">[|Balkans] , where they participated in several wars with Rome. A Visigothic army eventually moved into **Italy and famously** [|**sacked Rome in 410**]. Eventually the Visigoths were settled in southern <span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">[|Gaul] . They **unify Spain and persecuted the Jews** as they slowly extended their authority into Spain and surrounding areas, but in 507 they were defeated by the <span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">[|Franks] and the only territory north of the <span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">[|Pyrenees] that the Visigoths held was <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">part of France and Spain. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> In 589, the Visigoths, **formerly** [|**Arians**]**, converted to the** [|**Nicene faith**] **(Christian**). In 711 or 712 the Visigoths, including their king and many of their leading men, were killed in Battle. This coupled with inner conflict led to the quick collapsed of their kingdom.
 * <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Beowulf **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">: Was Lord of the Swedes were the Goths came originated. They left because of overpopulation.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Santiago **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">/St James becomes a war saint **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> and the symbol **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">of the Reconquista **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> (reconquest of Christianity Rule in Spain) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">St James was a good example of the love/hate relationship felt between the people of these three religions in Spain. James was both portrayed as the **killer and the pilgrim**. Christians projected their hopes and hatreds onto him. He was known as the **Killer of the Moors (Muslims) and the benevolent, charitable and tolerant St James. He was the best and the worst of the Christian world.**
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Santiago de Compostela **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> where **St .James’s remains** were said to be found by Pelayo the Hermit . He saw a heavenly light that led him to the remains. How is this significant (Santiago)? It just gives the Christians/people living in the areas some sort of authenticity. This became the second most important area in the Christian world because pilgrims brought prosperity and this became a great pilgrimage site.